Chapter 10: Implication of digital media

Implication of digital media

Digital image files

JPEG (jpg)

• Joint Photographic Experts Group
• is a commonly used method of compression for photographic images
• the most common file
• For long term, it could loose its quality. The solution is, zip the files.

Bitmap

• or pixmap is a type of memory organization or image file format used to store digital images
• The term bitmap comes from the computer programming terminology, meaning just a map of bits, a spatially mapped array of bits
• Like a raw file

Tiff

• Tagged Image File Format (abbreviated TIFF) is a file format for storing images, including photographs and line art.
• Usually it’s for printing purposes.
• Less compression

Gif

• Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is an 8-bit-per-pixel bitmap image format. Smaller version of bitmap
• Because the file is smaller, it’s widely used for internet
• 256 colors pixels
• Most compressed

Png

• Portable Network Graphics (PNG) is a bitmapped image format that employs lossless data compression
• was designed for transferring images on the Internet, not professional graphics

Manipulation in Photography
Photographs are often allowed to be manipulated based on various reasons and intentions. However, because of the technology, manipulated photographs, digital images, and computer generated images are similar and difficult to distinguish them. Nevertheless, for the sake of photo ethic, any images for news and documentary must be authentic and original that only a few minor alterations are allowed just to improve its output quality: brightness & contrast, burning and dodging, minor color correction, pixel duplication/ retouch up, and cropping. Therefore, nowadays, any image or picture that looks more than a raw photograph, or the elements in the picture is artificial, it must have wording of disclosure to disclaim the picture is fictional or non fictional, unless the elements in the picture are obviously fake or montaged.


Digital illustration
A piece of art or image created or manipulated by an artist using computer editing software. it could be graphical, painting-like, or photographic montage.



Computer graphic art
done by using computer mathematical models that created by the artist, it could be fully 3D graphic and totally created by solely using computer software



Manipulated Photograph
Photographs that are manipulated by using photo editing software. Pictures can be altered in anyway as long as the pictures still have a photographic look to it.

Chapter 9: Wording of disclosure

The Wording of Disclosure

• with some sort of label or disclaimer would render manipulated photography ethically accepted.
• words can convince the viewer that a journalist photograph is authentic.
• moreover, it can avoid misleading and misunderstanding to the viewers.
• If the text that accompanies the picture is misused, it can cheat or mislead the viewer.

pic-01

• words that are widely understood for wording of disclosure
• photo illustration
• photo-fiction
  
• retouched
• altered
• manipulated
• montage
• mosaic
• composite
• fiction

pic-02

• However, to disclaim a fictional picture may not has to be too rigid or conservative by labeling it pic-02. it can be creative by simply having a statement that can suggest the picture is fictional.

pic-03

From pic-03, viewer won't be misled because this picture is conveying a symbolic idea about a father's role in the near future.

• in some cases, some manipulated pictures are too hard to believe to be true, hence, wording of disclosure to disclaim a picture is fictional can be avoid.

This is the front cover of "Spy" magazine. Viewer can easily perceive this picture to be digitally manipulated because Bruce Willis was never pregnant, and that this picture is to attract reader.

Finally understanding about photo ethic!!
is this picture misleading?



No, because this picture is implausible/fake enough to show the viewer that the picture is obviously superimposed. In fact, the texts on the cover also hint that there are two different pictures taken from different time period and they are put together for comparison purpose.